Wednesday, July 31, 2019

A brief analysis of the positive and negative effects of adolescent working

Adolescent working is associated with both positive and negative effects. Apart from their indulgence in delinquent behavior, they are also more unlikely to meet academic requirements too. This apart any negative feelings with the workplace, can itself produce have a depressing effect. However there are also many positive effects associated with their early interaction with the industry and work attitudes.They learn to manage themselves with an eye for savings and future life. It cannot be defied that this is a crucial phase of life for an adolescent individual and any external support could help immensely, in meeting the demands placed on the individual.The adolescent period is perhaps the most difficult phase of life for any individual. This child-to-adult transition phase is associated with both physical and mental changes. In their adolescence years, children experience greater psychological growth as they try to keep up with the related physical and sexual developments, associat ed with this period.Adolescents experience difficulty in adapting to the unexpected sudden rise in sexual and aggressive drives. These changes on them produce confusion and they struggle to come to terms with their understanding of the world around them.The physical development in adolescents affects their habits and interaction in several ways. By their mid-adolescence, their emotional and intellectual abilities are increased and they seek adventure and are willing to experiment different ideas.They seek to develop an identity for themselves, be independent and achieve. Adolescents would want to weaken their ties and their dependence, on their parents. They look for an employment to facilitate all these requirements.Research has shown that adolescents taking to work are associated with positive and negative effects. Among the skill sets they acquire through work are time management abilities, marketing capabilities, managing finances etc.Apart from gaining work experience, they dev elop good work habits and experience financial independence. It has been estimated that about 50% of the students save from their earnings even as they reach their tenth grade. Their interest in working is driven by aspirations of a higher standard of life and a passion to buy things they need.Adolescents use their money mainly on expenses associated with car, their clothing and education (McDowell and Futris, 2001). They also save for their college while helping their parents with their domestic expenses.An adolescents’ positive perception of industry and employment is boosted by early encouraging experiences. Emphasizing on the benefits associated with early employment, the government too has encouraged high school students to seek part time employment (Net industries, 2008).A 1999 study by Barling and Kelloway found that about 80% of high school graduates have worked at least on one part-time job. Among the significant benefits of working, while at high school are that it helps in the transformation from school to workplace, and in developing a work psyche. Parents too encourage youth employment as it promotes independence and responsibility.Unfortunately adolescent employment is more associated with negative outcomes, than its benefits. Their employment deprives them of sufficient time with their homework, thus forcing them to make it up by manipulating; by copying and cheating. They tend to cut classes to make up for the time spent on the job.Apart from a decline in academic achievements, they are influenced by other factors existing in their work places. These effects are lesser among adolescents who work for lesser number of hours and therefore get to spend more time with their parents.Adolescents working for more than 20 hours a week develop delinquent and problematic behaviors. Adolescents are exposed to other adults in their workplace, devoid of any parental guidance, and they acquire habits and behaviors that are not appropriate to their age, although it may suit an adult (Dufur, 2002).When youth find themselves in a work setting, they are more focused on employed adults as role models, rather than school completed seniors. They have lesser time for eating, exercising or sleeping which has its own physical or mental effects.Adolescents having complaints at work are more likely to get depressed and develop negative self- perceptions. Some employed youth, particularly those in high intensity work, even take to alcohol and drugs while being in school. Several studies have pointed to the association of adolescent working and risk behavior including petty crimes, marijuana and risky sexual indulgence.Teens need to be understood and supported to meet the challenges of work and school. They need to be guided to use their time and resources in a more beneficial way. Creating a time bound schedule, emphasizing on the time to be spent on work or school each day or week, would help in organizing their commitments. As they near adu lthood, they must be taught to manage all responsibilities and roles associated with it.REFERENCESMcDowell U and Futris T.G., (2001) Adolescent Employment, Ohio State University Extension, [Electronic Version] downloaded on 6th March 2007 fromhttp://ohioline.osu.edu/flm01/FS08.htmlNet industries (2008) Working in Adolescence – Advantages and Disadvantages of Adolescent Employment [Electronic Version] downloaded on 6th March 2007 fromhttp://social.jrank.org/pages/690/Dufur M. (2002) Examining the Motives for and Effects of At-Risk Students’ Work for Pay during High School. Brigham Young University [Electronic Version] downloaded on 6th March 2007 from http://www.fcs.utah.edu/info/utahdemographers/binary/?id=13

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Begining stages that lead to war of 1812

During the beginning stages of the War of 1812, Britain was fully engaged in fighting Napoleon in Europe and desperately tried to avoid a confrontation with the United States. However, Britain did little to stop it. While Britain was pre-occupied fighting Napoleon, America saw an opportunity to expand their territory and attempt to conquer British North America.Due to the poor organization of the U. S. forces and lack of military strategy, America failed to accomplish their main objective to take control of the northern territory of British North America.The other objective of the United States was to preserve the rights of neutrals and maintain the freedom of the seas and continue its trades with whom they desired. It is debatable who won the war; from a military stand point the British won the key battles however, the war ended in a stalemate with no gain for either side. In order to examine this thesis clearly, the paper approach shall be to look at the American grievances against British, offensive strategy of America, Britain defensive strategy and the failure of America to conquer Canada.Failure by America to conquer Canada is not really one of the stages in the beginning of the war, but rather to demonstrate the degree of gain and reason for that degree of gain. Beginning stages that lead to the War of 1812 There were various diplomatic policies approach was employed to regain a peaceful and harmonious coexistence between America and British. This was done through the use of various bills and Acts that would ensure peaceful coexistence between America and British. For instance, the Embargo Act of 1807, the Nonintercourse Act of March 1809, and the passed Macon's Bill No.2 ; all this legislation were a clear indication of America’s commitment for use of diplomacy to resolve policy crises with Great Britain. However, due to the ongoing British war with napoleon , Great Britain over step on the American rights and national pride that saw war as the o nly option to have British change its harmful policies that hampers various US progress and development. Many Americans viewed the war as a continuation of revolution, but from sociopolitical perspective scholars; the move was necessary to protect and strengthen the new found independence from England’s aggression .Sadly, two days after war declaration orders by the congress, the England parliament had already revisited those policies that added grievances to US by repealing the orders in council and sent a message to America. Unfortunately, the message reached when it was too late a midst initial war battles in Detroit by Gen. Hull that accounted to British delay to prevent the war. It is in this line of thought that this paper shall examine the core causes for war to be initiated and the results that leave a large quantity of debate to who won the war.America’s grievances’ against England The Americans had many built up anger and pain against Britain during th e initial steps that marked the beginning of the war. These grievances were however fueled up with economic and political reasons behind the scenes to play an active drive role into steps to ignite the battle. For instance many scholars of political science like Buel, Richard (2006), states that criticism directed to President James Madison greatly played a contributory role to start of the war.During the time, President James Madison was criticized for his failure to stand up against Britain injustices to U. S. Therefore, faced with daunting task of election in late 1812, James Madison had only two options to either negotiate with Britain or go to war to increase his popularity and prove his capabilities for leading this great nation. As a result, when diplomatic approach failed, Madison asked the congress to vote on war. Fortunately, 19 to 13 rotes in senate and 79 to 49 rotes in the house of representative; was a go ahead command on war on Great Britain on 18th June, 1812.Despite political reason on war declaration on Great Britain, the United States of America was fed up with British impressments . Great Britain reverted to a policy of boarding Americans ship to retrieve the former sailors of Britain who had deserted the Royal Navy to look for a better pay and life to United States of America. As a result of this hunt for sailors, British seized 11,000 sailors by mid 1805. The need for the impressments was on the basis of expanded Royal Navy to 175 of the line together with other 425 ships that required more professional sailors about 140,000.These sailors could not be found with land of Great Britain, therefore, they opted to press and retrieve the Royal Navy veterans and other experienced sailors from merchant shipping and privateers . In reacting to that, the United States of America felt that the Royal Navy deserters were justified to be citizens of US; of course owing to their benefits. To worsen the matter, Britons failed to honor this fundamental ri ght of the US, instead provoked law openly. They refused to recognize the naturalized US citizenship, and considered all US citizens born in Britain territory to be liable for impressments.The situation was made worse when Britain impressed Americans. Worst of all was when the British frigates were stationed on the America harbors; in fact in America’s territorial waters conducting their searches, it could not be tolerated even by a dead patriotic American . This resultant act injured the American National pride. The trade inhibition and hampering as a result of Britain blockade of the Napoleonic Europe was a major concern to US trade that could not be swept under carpet.The Britain in attempt to Block commodities to reach into the hands of French, they seized estimated 400 Americans ship that adversely affected the trade of America. The American society felt that by seizing of their merchant ships by the great Britain in their attempt to block US trade with France Empire dur ing their war; they did not only breach the international law, but also they failed to recognize Americans neutral rights in regard to the ongoing war between the Britain and France.Black, Jeremy (2006), adds that, Great Britain practiced blockade since it perceived a possible threat by the doubling rate of US state merchant marine and fear of losing the 80 percent cotton import and 50 percent overall of the US exports to other European nations. Therefore Britain felt threatened to loose commercially and growing mercantile of the US. And by these actions and policies, America felt that the Great Britain breached Neutral Nation’s Right to trade with their own chosen trade partner. The conflict built up and pressure for war increased.The British’s practice of arming the native enemies of Americans; Indians of western fueled the conflict, since they were increasingly hostile strengthened by British support . As a consequence, it was difficult for Americans to defeat the n ative enemies due to their support from Britain. Therefore to make the Great Britain change its prices, war was necessary to cause tangible pain to Britain, in order for America to gain. Other scholars usually add that desire for expansion was drive for war and conquer on Canada .However this argument is not clear and lacks empirical evidence from various supportive perspectives and position. However the outstanding issue is the fact that Great Britain leadership failed to stop the war. In the sense that, despite massive protest and demonstrations by the Americans craving for â€Å"free trade sand sailor’s rights†, the Britons could not read these building up pressure for freedom and respect for Americans rights. Instead, they intensified from high seas crime to American shows, extending it inland to arming of the Indians.This action and deafness of the Britain officials, justify the American â€Å"war hawks† statement that Great Britain crimes were not only con fined to the high seas, but also injurious to national pride of the United States of America . Therefore, war was inevitable in an attempt to reclaim this past glory. The follow up events saw war declaration on British on 18th June 1812 when Great Britain was concentrating on Europe Napoleonic war . This led to the invasion of Canada. American goal to maintain offensive strategiesAfter the war declaration on British passed by smallest margin recorded on war vote in US congress, it consequently lead to US invasion of Canada. Despite the invasion and desire to conquer Canada, the war strategy employed was offensive . This is in the light that British Royal Navy was powerful in the worlds at that present time, and no way could inexperienced and untrained fighters would outwit them. Secondly the US focus was to conquer Canada basing on land battles for lower and Upper Canada that most of its inhabitants were post war immigrants or exile from US.Natives were not for interest of the US, j ustifying their hostility to the US unions. The third aspect was the focus by US on building ships that would fight the British in great lakes. In all of these thee aspects upon US invasion of Canada, there is no single strategy that focus on the organization of the fight due to lack of professionalism in the US militia. Instead, all these tree focus point were directed on breaking the power of native enemies and conquering the British North America, while failing to take into account the power of the British military component would help them to organize their army to fight well.Furthermore, the Royal Navy was too powerful for American navy which was in a better shape anyway due to ingredient of experienced and competent sailors. Therefore, the battle in Atlantic did not materialize to see the light of the day. In return, the American marine campaign and efforts were diverted to disrupting merchant trade in sea. Fortunately, this campaign yielded many victories to the US, but it wa s of no impact to barricade Great Britain trade and provide away through to their controlling the Great Lake . British goal to maintain a defensive strategyThe British military power that was present in Canada was well trained to defend the interests of the Great Britain. But the outstanding challenge was the large numbers of the American army that outnumbered them. Empirically, statistics reveals that British regular troops present in Canada at the beginning of the war were in 6,034 soldiers, against 13,000 American soldiers which were increased to 35,000 men with authorization by the congress. Lieutenant General Sir. George Prevost was the commander in chief of the Northern America for England was instructed to employ defensive strategy of the war against Americans.Since, it was clear that war with America was of no preference to Napoleonic war . In addition to number deficiency to justify British engage in defensive strategy, British armies were all committed to the fighting Napo leon and peninsular as it was a priority to British than Northern America. While the Royal Navy was involved in the Europe sea blockade, the options were to protect the marine communication between Canada and Britain to facilitate supplies and weaken the American battle strengths by blockading American ports to disrupt trade and divert the attentions of war.As a result, American East Coast was under blockade leaving only a section of New England since they were against the war and declined to offer help to reinforce America in the war. These temporary measures were necessary to guarantee reinforcement to the small British army in the Canada. The measure of blockading the America ports produced negative tangible impact to the US , since the exports dropped sharply, coastal trade became dangerous, ships were stack on the ports without business, port towns affected and agriculturalists of West and the South felt the pitch.It is a point of worthy to mention that Canada’s defensiv e strategies were directed towards strategic and core areas to sustainability of British control in Canada, unlike the US forces that were scattered. Most important and key areas were; Montreal vital for facilitating supply to Upper Canada with resources; Quebec City enabled and linked provisions from England up the St. Lawrence River to the areas of the west; and upper Canada.Despite successful defensive strategy in conjunction with the port blockade, geographical limitation to the British soldiers . America failed to conquer Canada Despite presence of indicators of necessity of using war against Great Britain, America was never prepared for war . President Madison undervalued the military task force needed to seize Canada, whereby at the start he sent regular army of about 13,000 men who were severely defeated. As a consequence, the American congress authorized an additional army to expand the military power to 35, 000 men.The dark side of these increased numbers was that, they we re unprofessional volunteers, who were poorly paid with low motivation to fight outside their home state. This resulted to inefficiency in the military needed to conquer Canada. Defective military strategies were evident as Americans scattered their forces in multi-pronged attacks that bore no fruits. In sum total, the Americans inadequate preparation in naval, military and financial domains generated incompetent troops without proper financial for the war.The United States of America experienced difficulties in financing its war; since New England withdrew its support for funds and military units, worse of that was the fact America had disbanded its national bank. The only help for funds could have been from private bankers from the Northeast, but northeast private bankers were greatly opposed to the war and could not offer a helping hand for the war . The organization of the military base received a blow due to uncooperative and quarrelsome commanders who were struggling for power and control over military forces.While militia called to reinforce the army it defined itself as a defensive force for war of obstruction rather than conquest. Evidently, all early attempts to invade Canada did not bore any fruits due to those shortcomings on US military and state failure. For instance, General Hull’s attempted attack geared to conquer Canada from Detroit four days after war declaration, backed off due to fear of the native militias. As a result, the Canadian commanding officer Gen. Brock capitalized on this fear to fully advantage. And lead to significant losses in the military battles.By April 1814 after napoleon surrender, Britain transferred its military mighty to reinforce Canada in a major landing operation. The initial operations were made in Chesapeake Bay and Maine which were a success. This totally paralyzed American efforts to conquer Canada. This ignited further military actions for against America in Maryland, Washington, D. C. , Bladensburg and the burning of white house in the year 25th of august in 1814. But, British move to attack and capture Baltimore was put off by now better shaped American armies. Conclusion` The paper has discussed exclusively the early stages and causes the Americans to engage in a military way to regain its control over their land and sovereignty. In attempt bring out the argument the paper has looked at the America’s grievances’ against great Britain, American goal to maintain offensive strategies, British goal to maintain a defensive strategy and main attributes why America failed to conquer Canada and never gained what it went to war for, apart from victory by General Andrew Jackson in the battle of New Orleans over British army.It was necessarily important that Americans were never defeated by the Britons. While on the other hand, the Britons were not defeated by Americans in their quest to conquer Canada. In other words, neither of the side lost or gained apart from slight tak eover by the America of Carleton Island to be part of New York. The resultant situation of Ghent peace treaty signed on 24th December, 1814, brought back the respect and honor to the American society to maintain its status quo.While at the same time, facilitating policy changes by the British in favor of America. Additionally, the US learned not to rely too heavily on a militia, but rather have an effective, competent and a more organized army. Although Americans tried to battle with their enemy, they had more than enough reasons to fear the British, whereas Canadians had sufficient evidence to fear the Americans. Bibliography Black, Jeremy. America as a Military Power 1775-1865: Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002Black, Jeremy. Britain as a Military Power: London, UK: Routledge, 1998. Buel, Richard. America on the Brink; How the Political Struggle over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic: Gordonsville: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Langguth, A. J. Union 1812; New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. Stuart, Reginald. United States Expansionism and British North America 1775-1871. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Bicycle Propulsion Systems

Bicycle Propulsion Systems    1.Abstract This report documents the development of bicycle propulsion systems over time and mentions the changes made to make the bicycle more efficient, safe, faster and resistant. It defines what a bicycle’s drivetrain system is in a few words and what they are used for on a bicycle. It includes brief information about 4 of the first bicycles made in the 1800s and refers to the changes in design and materials used for these bicycles. It also consists information of the 2 main bicycles used today and the improvements they have had compared to the older bicycles. At last, this report recommends improvements that could be made to the bicycle to make it more efficient. 3.Nomenclature Km/h = kilometers per hour Kg = kilograms Torque = a force that causes rotation Cadence = the number of revolutions of the crank per minute 4.Introduction Public transportation has changed and improved over a great period of time. These improvements have helped make transp ortation ,from one location to another, much easier. The bicycle is a great example of a method of transportation that has gone through a lot of improvements so that it is easier to use, faster, safer and more damage resistant. All this has happened by engineers taking into consideration the materials they use and the design of the bicycle. 5.Discussion and Analysis of Material 5.1 Bicycle Drivetrain Systems (Appendix 1 and 2) Bicycle Drivetrain Systems are used to transmit the rider’s power to the drive wheels in order to move the bicycle forward. Nowadays, most drivetrain systems include mechanisms that are used to convert speed and torque via gear ratios. Over the years propulsion systems for the bicycle have ranged from the rider’s legs, to the modern drivetrain systems that include gears and pedals. 5.2 History (Appendix 3) Over the past couple of centuries many different bicycles have been invented that have different characteristics in order to improve safety and efficiency, but still had a similar structure. Many of the different developed bicycles include: Hobby Horse (Appendix 4) The Hobby Horse was invented in 1817, by the German inventor, Baron Karl Drais. This bicycle had a primitive design and did not include a drivetrain. It was a 23kg bicycle which was made out of wood, including the wheels. It also included a leather saddle for the rider to sit on, and resembled a modern handlebar. The rider’s feet was the propulsion system for this bicycle. This meant that the rider wouldn’t be able to go very fast and would require a great amount of effort to move it forward due to its weight. It would also be difficult to transfer the bicycle uphill, thus the rider would have to carry it. Whilst going downhill, the lack of brakes would cause the bicycle to travel at a fast speed without anything, other than the rider’s feet, to stop it. Velocipede (Appendix 5) The Velocipede was invented in 1858 by the Fr ench Michaux company. This bicycle was a great development from the Hobby Horse. It first had a cast iron frame which was then changed to wrought iron for better damage resistance. The seat featured suspension which was inspired by the suspension used in wagons. Although, the bicycle was not comfortable to ride, hence why it’s also called the â€Å"Boneshaker†. The wheels were wooden but consisted of iron tyres. It also included pedals on the axle of the front wheel as the bicycle’s propulsion system. The pedals would allow the rider to use less effort, compared to the Hobby Horse, to move the bicycle forward. This bicycle also consists of the introduction of a first brake, which included a metal lever that pressed a wooden pad against the rear wheel, making it much safer as it has the capability of stopping, though the wooden pad would wear out due to the friction between the pad and the wheel. Penny Farthing (Appendix 6) The Penny Farthing was invented in 1869 by French, Eugene Meyer. The bicycle’s design was based on the desire to make it faster, thus using it for sport. Since gears were not invented yet, the front wheel’s size was increased so it would travel a longer distance after one full rotation. The frame weight was reduced to increase riding comfort including solid rubber tires, and the use of hollow steel tubes made it lighter. With the introduction of spokes and ball bearings, the wheels were also improved. The Penny Farthing would reach top speeds of 40km/h, but despite its advantages it had many disadvantages. It required a running start and a mounting step for riders to be able to mount it. To stop, the rider would require to jump off the bike. The higher centre of gravity on the bicycle would mean that if the rider fell they would have great accident. And at last, if the rider went over a bump they would be sent flying, leading to a fatal accident. The Penny Farthing’s propulsion system were stil l the pedals, although, their positioning on the bigger front wheel would require riders with tall legs to ride them. Due to the bigger wheel, one rotation of the pedals would allow the bicycle to cover a longer distance, hence why it is faster than previous bicycles. This design might my the bicycle faster and more efficient, but it was more dangerous due to the height and centre of gravity of the bike, the lack of feasible brakes and the high speeds it can reach. The Rover (Appendix 7) The Rover was invented in 1885 by English John Kemp Starley. This bicycle was chain driven and was also known as the â€Å"Safety Bicycle†. It featured equal sized wheels and a diamond frame, used to equally distribute the forces throughout the bicycle’s frame, though it still lacked a seat tube. The solid rubber tires were also replaced in 1888 with pneumatic tires, which made it more comfortable to ride. The original model of The Rover used treadles to turn the rear wheels, but t he later updated model used a chain drive which consisted of a large front sprocket and a small rear sprocket used to multiply the revolutions of the pedals without the need of a large front wheel. The pedals were more centred putting the rider’s feet away from the front wheel, and the centre of gravity was lower making it easier for the rider to stop by putting their feet on the ground. To also better stop the bicycle, it included a lever which pushes a metal pad onto the front wheel. This bicycle was much safer due to its frame design and its low centre of gravity. It had increased efficiency due to the positioning of the pedals and the two same sized wheels whilst still being capable of travelling at high speeds with the brake being able to stop the bicycle if needed. The design of the handlebar also helped to improve the handling of the bicycle. The use of metal on the frame and on the chain mechanism also made it resistant from damage. Although, with the introduction o f the new chain mechanism, pebbles or sticks could get caught in the chain, possibly damaging the mechanism. 5.3 The modern bicycles Today there is a variety of bicycles that are used for different situations. To be able to adapt to the different situations, the bicycles have different characteristics but still have similarities structure-wise. The 2 main types are mountain bikes and racing bikes. Mountain Bikes (Appendix 8) Mountain bikes are bicycles designed for off-road riding. They are similar to other bikes but consist features that help enhance performance and durability on rough terrain. They consist of suspension on the frame and fork making the ride on rough terrain more comfortable, knobby tires which adds more grip on the wheels, heavy duty wheels that add durability, and more powerful brakes to help stop the bike instantly when on the rough terrain. The bicycle’s propulsion system includes derailleur gears (Appendix 2) that consists of a crankset for th e rotation of the bicycle’s pedals, a cogset which is a set of different sized metal cogs or sprockets that are used as the gears, and a chain that links the cogset with the crankset. Different gears provide different torque and speed and requires different amounts of effort to rotate the pedals. The higher the gear, the more torque, speed and effort. The gears are controlled by a shifter which is connected to the gearing gearing mechanism by a cable. Mountain bikes tend to have up to 30 gears, yet mountain bikers choose to use 10 or 9 speed bikes due to the lighter weight and less complexity. The mountain bikes are very efficient and safe bicycle as they include disk brakes that help with instantaneous stopping, a gearing system that helps reduce the amount of effort the rider will have to use and is adaptable to different types of roads, and suspension that provides comfort. Racing Bike (Appendix 9) Racing bikes are designed for competitive road cycling. Its main char acteristics are its light weight for higher speeds, and its stiffness due to the lack of suspension also to achieve high speeds with the sacrifice of comfort. The handlebars are designed and positioned lower than the saddle so that the rider has a more aerodynamic posture. The front and back wheels are positioned close together to allow for quick handling. For the propulsion system the bicycle uses a derailleur system similar to the Mountain Bike. The gear ratios have close spacing so that the rider can pedal at the optimum cadence. To shift gears the bicycle consists of an electronic shifting system. The switch is connected wired or wirelessly to a battery pack and to a small electric motor that is used to drive the derailleur, moving the chain between the cogs. This improvement allows for the rider to switch gears faster. The Racing Bike is quite efficient in terms of speed, and quite safe as it includes disk brakes that stop the bike instantly with the exception of knobby whe els as it would decrease the speed of the bike. The materials manufactures use for the frame e.g. Carbon fibre, cause the bike to be light in weight and capable of travelling at faster speeds. 6.Conclusions There have been many major developments in public transport over the years, with the bicycle as a great example. Many improvements have been made to the bicycle and the methods it uses for the rider to move it forwards. The introduction of new drivetrain systems and the vast use of different materials according to their properties are the cause of these improvements. The invention of, more complex, propulsion and brake systems have helped improve the efficiency and safety of the bicycle and the implementation of stronger and lighter materials has increased the bicycle’s damage resistance and has made it capable of reaching higher speeds (Appendix 10) with less effort required by the rider. Also improvements on the seat and the suspension on the bicycle have contributed to make it a more comfortable method of transportation. 7.Recommendations The bicycle has had great developments over the years, though more improvements can be made in order to make the bicycle safer, faster and more efficient. Such improvements may include: Adding a cover, made of a light plastic, for the gearing system so that nothing can get caught in the mechanism, running the brake lines through the frame of the bicycle so there aren’t any cords hanging, adding a cogset to the front wheel making it a 2-wheel drive thus making it faster. 8.References Crazyguyonabike April 15, 2009, The Hobby Horse: 1817 – Karl Drais and his running machine. https://www.crazyguyonabike.com/doc/page/?page_id=40616 , (accessed 1/3/2017) Crazyguyonabike May 2, 2007, The Boneshaker: 1867 – Pierre Lallement, the Michaux family and their velocipede. https://www.crazyguyonabike.com/doc/page/?page_id=40617 , (accessed 1/3/2017) Crazyguyonabike July 2, 2007, The P enny Farthing: 1878 – James Starley and his ordinaries . https://www.crazyguyonabike.com/doc/page/?page_id=40618 , (accessed 1/3/2017) Crazyguyonabike March 27, 2009, The Rover: 1885 – The modern bicycle born in England. https://www.crazyguyonabike.com/doc/page/?o=tS&page_id=40621&v=9Y , (accessed 1/3/2017) Wikipedia January 6, 2017, Racing Bicycle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_bicycle , (accessed 2/3/2017) Wikipedia February 23, 2017, Mountain bike. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike , (accessed 2/3/2017) 9.Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Mark Twain's use of Irony The Nortorius Jumping Frog Essay

Mark Twain's use of Irony The Nortorius Jumping Frog - Essay Example He was a keen observer of human beings and did not like much of what he saw. He believed that people were often very foolish or cruel and the literature he wrote in response to this plainly brings people to task for being this way. However, to simply state this proposition is not an effective means of communicating it. It becomes a much more powerful idea when Swift uses rhetorical devices like satire and irony. We believe the story until the end. We become invested in the story of the gambling on frogs. Only at the end do we realize it is a joke. This is one of the first indications that we are dealing with a satire or parody. In a satire, a narrator appears to be endorsing something he is actually mocking. This is done by using irony. Irony can be a very effective rhetorical method, pouring contempt on an idea or principle much more harshly than a straightforward attack. Irony sneaks up behind you and ambushes you. It is a good way to rhetorically attack problems and situations that are right in front of you and that many people might want to defend. With irony you can attack but others will not realize you are attacking until it is to late (Horn 76). This is what Twain has done in The Notorious Frog. For ma ny who picked it up, it would take some time to realize it was all a joke. When they did realize it was a joke, they would be shocked and begin to really think about what Twain meant. This is an especially militant form of irony—something Twain truly excelled at. People will always take advantage of one another. Gullibility is omnipresent. A lesser writer might have been tempted at the end of the story to reveal the whole thing to be a joke. But Twain is a rhetorical master. He realizes that consistency is everything in rhetoric: if you shift out of the voice you appear disjunctive and lose the full effect. That is what makes the final paragraph of the story so powerful: even at the end, Twain and his narrator claim he is

Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Assessment - Assignment Example Industrial Chemicals, lastly, provide scientifically enrich and tested chemical products. All in all, the company makes use of the best talent in the sector to keep up with the innovative and unique features it provides. Synthomer also works in the chemical industry and deals mainly in production of polymers. Synthomer was established in 1952 with headquarters in Harlow, UK. Both companies keep innovation and technology at the heart of their operations and compete greatly in the global business market. Both the companies have followed International Accounting Standards (IAS) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to prepare the financial reports. They use different accounting policies for the accounts, for instance, Synthomer calculates depreciation on straight line basis over the estimated useful life of an asset and Croda values tangible fixed assets at cost or valuation less depreciation. The accounting policies differ for each account but they remain compliant with the UK accounting standards and companies law 2006. For the purpose of this assignment, the financial statements of both the companies are extracted from their official website. The information important for the analysis is extracted and summarized in the excel sheet for clarity and ease of use. The analysis covers information from three recent years i.e. 2011, 2012 and 2013. Both the companies belong to the same industry and work in more or less the same product lines. For financial analysis, ratio analysis was used. Ratio analysis is done under 5 main heads namely Liquidity, Leverage, Coverage, Activity and Profitability. The analysis involves comprehensive assessment of the results measured. An analysis is made using personal knowledge and understanding about the issues. The report ends by concluding on the results of comparative analysis. Current

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Key themes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Key themes - Assignment Example Descriptive moral relativism provides that there are deep and widespread moral differences across different societies and these differences are weightier than the agreements that exist. Meta-ethical relativism on the other hand, provides that the falsity or the truth of moral judgments or their justifications are not universal but relative to the convictions, practices and traditions of a group. Normative moral relativism maintains that meta-ethical, moral realism suggests that we ought to tolerate the behavior of others, even where such behavior contradicts our cultural or personal standards.2 Arguments for moral relativism include the diversity argument which provides that there is a great diversity in the notions of what is moral and what is immoral and each view on morality is correct. The humility argument provides that an individual is in no position to tell others that their moral beliefs are false and everyone’s moral beliefs are true. People also accept moral relativism in order to tolerate and respect differing opinions on right and wrong. Problems of moral relativism include inconsistencies on what is right and wrong and the unacceptable consequences of the different views on what is moral and what is

Friday, July 26, 2019

Information Sources Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information Sources Analysis - Essay Example Employees can take organization to the mountains of success and can even lead down like a desert and plain area. The main challenge in front of the organizations is to make potential employees aware of their company as a good place to work and to bring best applicants successfully through the recruitment and hiring process, retain them, commitment to them, provide the working environment and the structures to motivate them to give of their best. A Human Resources Information System is a system that lets you keep track of all your employees and information about them. It is usually done in a database or, more often, in a series of inter-related databases. An Information System (IS) is the system of persons, data records and activities that process the data and information in a given organization, including manual processes or automated processes. The computer-based information systems are the field of study for Information technologies (IT); however these should be treated as a part o f them because they are always involved in. It is the term given to the discipline focused on the integration of computer systems with the aims and objectives on an organization. Development tools and Management tools assists executives and the general workforce in performing any tasks related to the processing of information. These systems are especially useful in the collation of business data and the production of reports to be used as tools for decision-making. Hence they are used as the effective decision making tools. With computers being as ubiquitous as they are today, there's hardly any business that does not rely extensively on there IT systems. However, there are several specific fields in which it has become invaluable. The role of information technology in the various fields of human resource management and marketing are discussed below. Strategy Support Information system and human resource are the two core departments of any organization. The benefits that an organization can get from their existence and mutual cooperation are enormous. While computers cannot create business strategies by themselves they can assist human resources in understanding the effects of their strategies, and help enable effective decision-making. These systems can be used to transform data into information useful for decision-making. Computers with the help of employees can provide financial statements and performance reports to assist in the planning, monitoring and implementation of strategy. These systems provide a valuable function in that they can collate into coherent reports and unmanageable volumes of data that would otherwise be broadly useless to decision makers. By studying these reports decision-makers can identify patterns and trends currently in the market. Thus information system help in creating value based strategically policies through the appropriate placing and implemented the HR policies. The use of modern technology like biometrics in which figure prints of an employee can be stored and converted into useful biometric data which can be used as a security measure. It also ensures

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Individual research and contribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Individual research and contribution - Essay Example The first method involves survey whereby the consumers will interact directly with the researchers. They would be given questionnaires that are straightforward. They would be asked if they would prefer having the e-books than the actual book. In my opinion, other feasible research method would involve focus groups, which makes it possible for individuals to discuss the products among different groups of people. This makes it possible for the publishing company to understand the different perception of different groups. The research could as well involve personal interviews of writers and the readers. The publishers will have the creative minds of the writers who would likely be their clients in the future projects. I believe that responses from individuals might not give the clear interpretation of what the individual wants. This gives a good interpretation of the consumer behavior of individuals. Finally, the research would involve field trial where some of the books that have been published will be given to the consumers. This would make them understand some of the quality of the products from the

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Leadership Styles and Motivational Theories for Small Businesses Coursework

Leadership Styles and Motivational Theories for Small Businesses - Coursework Example Motivational Theories for a Small Business Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs One of the best known motivational theories is known as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. According to Abraham Maslow, human beings have some basic needs which occur according to the level of their importance. The lowest needs in the hierarchy of needs that must be met first include food, water, air, sleep, and sex. The next level after the first hierarchy involves needs such as safety and security, followed by other social needs such as self-esteem. The highest level in the hierarch has self-actualization needs (Hatten 2011, p. 415). Small business entrepreneurs should be aware that their workers will not always demand these needs in a similar manner and in the same order. There are instances whereby employees will be at different levels of needs in different instances. However, sometimes the needs may occur simultaneously. To cater to the varying employee needs, a variety of ways to motivate their behav ior are required. For instance, the use of money to motivate employees can pose challenges at the work place. In most small business environments, money is seen as providing basic physiological needs but not being important for the employee to achieve other needs in the hierarchy. ... ow’s theory helps entrepreneurs to learn that in the process of motivating their employees, they should recognize that people have needs that arise suddenly and continue to require attention until they are satisfied. Employees can have lower end needs that must be met before they concentrate on a higher level need. Employees must have good food, water and air before they begin to achieve social needs at the workplace. Socialization at the workplace cannot be attained when the lower end needs in the hierarchy, which are important, are not met (Miner 2007, p. 27). Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory Another important theory of motivation in the small businesses is known as Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Small business entrepreneurs can benefit from this theory since it states that the factors that produce job satisfaction are not the same as those that motivate employees to excel. Herzberg referred to the factors that cause employees to feel good about thei r job as job hygiene factors. Job hygiene factors such as safe working conditions and reasonable pay should be met at the workplace. In addition, the presence of these factors leads to contentment among employees but may not motivate them to excel. True motivation at workplace may require factors such as recognition, advancement, or job enrichment (Hatten 2011, p. 415). The most important aspect to consider in motivating employees for the small businesses is to know what is important to them. For instance, if the entrepreneur avails a motivational reward that is not appropriate to the employees, it may look like a form of punishment (Miner 2007, p. 27). Leadership Style for a Small Business Many scholars and leadership experts argue that leadership is the driving force of any organization. This is because

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Assignment for MSc in Innovation Management Essay

Assignment for MSc in Innovation Management - Essay Example Transformational change requires a shift in conduct that results in an organisation significantly different in structure, processes, culture, and strategy. Transitional change seeks to achieve a known desired state different from the existing one, examples of which are the basis of much organisational change literature (Kanter, 1983; Nadler and Tushman, 1989). TQM refers to a management process directed at establishing organised continuous development activities involving everyone in the organisation in a totally integrated effort towards improving performance at every level (Almaraz, 1994). It is a management philosophy and business strategy rooted in the works of Deming (1986), Ishikawa (1985), Juran (1988), and Crosby (1989). Hackman and Wageman (1995) lists TQM's four general principles: TQM focuses on work processes, explicit identification and measurement of internal and external customer requirements, analysis of variances, use of cross-functional teams, management by facts (data), learning and continuous improvement, and the use of process management heuristics. Through data collection, analysis, hypothesis formation and testing, process changes can be devised and introduced steadily and continuously to improve quality. Whilst radical change is episodic, emergent, second order, transitional or transformational, TQM is designed for continuous, planned, first order, and developmental change. Here lies a conceptual discrepancy that may lead us to conclude that having a TQM culture does not prepare a firm to manage the radical changes affecting it. TQM focuses on incremental changes to work processes designed for a given set of assumptions defined by customer needs, a legislative climate, and technology conditions. What happens if these assumptions undergo a radical change We review the literature on the issue and inquire if other change management tools may be more appropriate. Lewin (1951) conceptualised change as a three-stage process involving unfreezing (the existing organisational equilibrium), moving (to a new position), and refreezing (in a new equilibrium position). Schein (1987) elaborated that unfreezing involves disconfirmation of expectations, creation of guilt or anxiety, and provision of psychological safety that converts anxiety into motivation to change. Moving to a new position is achieved through cognitive restructuring, often by identifying with a new role model or mentor and scanning the environment for new information. Refreezing occurs when the new point of view is integrated into the total personality and concept of self and significant

Health Care Project Essay Example for Free

Health Care Project Essay Team B has chosen prescription drugs for our health care reform project and how our current economic status is influenced. We will give ideas and solutions to show how to decrease the drug pricing. Ways that can be implemented toward a solution. Pharmaceutical company’s need to amend their business practices from a high profit, low development model to a moderate profit, moderate to high development model. Structures and regulation that will explain the competition, barriers to entry, and regulations. Taking a look at drug pricing from different perspective, like cost, research, and development, marketing, and the manufacturing of pharmaceutical drugs. The Monopoly of pricing who is involved, and the curves associated with it. Price discrimination how it changes who’s involved and what the criteria are for groups as well as pricing for individuals. How cost of co pays differ from brand names to generic and how the drug formulates come into play. How to make the system work for everyone that will amount to higher than just a 30-day supply, pharmacy assistance programs, local charity programs, and low income opportunities. Better ways to enforce existing legislation, vote in new legislation, and regulate prices across the board. The above affects the insured and non-insured American’s. For most American households, paying for health care to include prescription drugs and medical bills has been one of the hardest financial strains out there. According to a report published by (Consumer Reports, 2012), many have cut back on other household expenses or taken potentially dangerous measures with their health to afford their medications. The most affected population is the working-age Americans who do not have prescription drug insurance coverage. More than half of the people who completed the survey requested by Consumer Reports took one or more prescriptions had to reduce other household expenses or make changes in how the general population manage their finances. These reductions included how much they spend on their groceries, entertainment, activities with the family, and using their credit cards to purchase medications. The problem  was more severe with younger people than elderly people age 65 and older. â€Å"84 percent of them said they had to resort to such measures† (Consumer Reports, 2012) as previously listed. Prescription drugs or better yet the cost of prescription drugs is a discussion in the country of importance. The rise of the cost of prescription drugs is of important to many people in the United States and plays a huge role in the economics of health care. The elevated pricing of prescription drugs has become a focal point of politics and in need of some governance. Even though healthcare and prescription drugs are seen as a private sector issue, the discussion of some socialist measures put into place is a definite need for the economy. Some of those ideas include price-capping expensive drugs and even importing drugs from Canada. Healthcare and prescription drugs have been privatized; however, the government has a huge influence on them both. According to the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services, the government, including state, and federal, has contributed more the 2.7 trillion in 2011. This shows that we have hidden, or more politically correct, blurred the view of a socialist healthcare system. The currently health care system with health care reform has caused confusing for co nsumers. Many people are struggling to pay for the high cost of medication they are on. Some of the patients have to take a different type of medication, which is called alternative medication because their insurance denied paying for it in addition; the process to get approval from insurance takes longer time and more paperwork back and forth from doctors and insurance companies. In reality, health care consumers are the victims, they suffer from their medical illnesses, and they suffer for the high cost of prescription drugs. Health care reform in theory is helping more than forty million people to have health coverage, the demand curve shifts to the right. The important matter at the present time is the supply to cover that many people to have a quality care whereas the economy is gradually recovering. The unemployment rate is not changing much, it is still relatively high. When the prescription drug cost much of our income, seeking for other solution becomes a must do from consumers, they tend to dismiss their prescriptions or buying medication from online market, w hich may cause bad health than curing purpose.

Monday, July 22, 2019

Choosing University Essay Example for Free

Choosing University Essay Choosing a university is imperative to your further studies. Every course and every university is different and each student wants different things. The chance of finding a perfect match can be a challenge and you will certainly need to decide what is most important to you. It is all a matter of priorities which you feel are important to you,after all you will be the one who has to study on the course and you maybe living there for over 3 years or more. When choosing a university, there are a few general things you may want to consider before researching more specific factors. First of all, I propose a good way to start researching universities is to look at university league tables, which is the university rankings. This will allow you to see how well a particular university is doing in comparison to others. A higher placing in the table generally means facilities, grades and teaching standards are better. Remember that going to a university higher up in the league tables does not automatically mean you will achieve better grades, it is down to how well you perform during the course. According to the rankings, the choice of your subject and the type of course will narrow down the number of potential universities to just a few. Moving on to my next point, Where is the universities located? This means that whether you want to go to a universities in a big city or somewhere quieter. Studying in big town will have a lot of disturbance and distractions awaiting, thus lose your concentration in your studies. Remember that the cost of living will be higher in large cities, which may affect your budget significantly. On the other way round, studying in urban area will convenient your living there as you are closer to the shopping centre to buy living necessities and able to enjoy delicacies sometimes. Another point that I would like to emphasize is the social activites of university is a very important part of a student life, therefore it is vital to ensure the range of social, sports, and cultural activities and clubs offered by the university match your requirements. This is because taking a degree is not all studying, it is important to balance your life with some fun. This in turn can help you to find the right balance between working and socialising in the future.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Developing Equality and Transparency

Developing Equality and Transparency Platon School Model United Nations 2014 | 7th –9th March 2014 Forum: Special Political Decolonisation Committee Issue: Promoting good governance and democracy through transparency and equality Student Officer: Anastasios Kardamakis Position: Chair PERSONAL INTRODUCTION Esteemed Delegates, My name is Anastasis Kardamakis and it is an honour to serve as a chairman in the fore coming 4th PS Model United Nations Conference. I am 16 years old and I am currently a student of the second class of the Arsakeio High School of Patras. hope that you will all take particular interest in the issues of the Political committee since they are crucial and affect us today. I would like to endorse personal research on the multiple aspects of the issues and come prepared to the conference acknowledging your countries’ policies as well as current affairs. My final advice will be to come up with creative solutions and have a strong will for participation in all procedures. INTRODUCING TOPIC â€Å"Addressing todays inter-linked challenges requires sound,  forward-looking public policies and transparent, accountable governance  structures that embody solidarity with the poorest and most vulnerable Secretary General Ban Ki-moon â€Å"Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance.† Former Secretary General Kofi Annan   The dawn of the 21st century has been marked by the unlimited access to information and international efforts aiming at the protection of human rights and equality of all forms. Both the aforementioned social trends are key aspects of the universally recognized ideal of democracy as well as the so called good governance in the community of nations. Therefore, it is the duty of every national government and a responsibility of the United Nations system to ensure that every governmental activity is transparent and every group has equal rights with the others regardless of their origin, religious beliefs, social status, sex, educational and financial background as ways to promote democracy and good governance. DEFINITION OF KEY-TERMS Governance: the activity of governing a country (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary). Governance is considered  «good to the degree in which a countrys institutions and processes are transparent. Democracy: a system of government in which all the people of a country can vote to elect their representatives (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary) Transparency: the fact of being transparent (Longman dictionary of contemporary English). In the context of the state â€Å"transparency† means that the citizens are aware of the plans and actions of the government and its institutions. Equality: the fact of being equal in rights, status, advantages etc ( Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary).The equality forms that are associated with the issue are gender,political,religious,racial and legal ones. HISTORICAL AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION Good democratic governance and Equality â€Å"In a democracy there is, first that most splendid of virtues, equality before the Law† Herodotus, ancient Greek historian Equality is a key aspect of democracy and good governance. When the mob revolted in France in 1789, among others, they demanded equal status of all the citizens before the law and human rights .The female movements all over Europe and America in the 19th and 20th centuries called for gender equality and the African people rose their arms against the western colonizers because the wanted to gain their independence and bring an end to the discrimination owing to their origin. These examples from human history confirm how important gender, social, racial and legal equality is for the progress of humanity and the promotion of democratic reforms. When all the citizens of a nation are equal, then all the opinions on collective matters can be heard and therefore the purpose of pluralism is served. Many conventions have been signed and ratified by States aiming at the maintenance of equal rights such as but not limited to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination again st Women (CEDAW),the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) and the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. Those treaties protect and cordially endorse the aforementioned forms of equality. When women are empowered and able to vote and work, foreign nationals are not afraid to practice their cultural and religious beliefs in public. Everyone is subject to the same laws and their personal freedom is ensured, then the states are able to achieve sustainable development, the economy flourishes and the ties between the members of a society are tight. In essence, these are the characteristics of good governance. So it is apparent to anyone that strengthening equality of every form is a solid way to promote good governance and democracy. Good democratic governance and transparency â€Å"Information is the currency of democracy† Thomas Jefferson, 3rd US President According to the United Nations, democracy and good governance must be characterized by transparency. Transparency and more specifically social transparency is the cornerstone of democratic governance as it enables citizens everywhere to hold institutions and governments accountable for their policies and performance. It is based on a combination of politics and ethics in which the interests and needs are focused in the citizen. When the citizens are fully aware of the implementation of national policies, the work of institutions and the actions of their elected governments, there is trust and better cooperation between individuals and the authorities, the public sector is free of corruption and bribery and the right of every person to know the way his government acts is not being abused. The new technologies allow the continuous flow of information regarding a country’s policies and as a result everyone can be informed about the latest updates. In other words, transparency pr ovides â€Å"a universal rationale for the provision of good records management systems, archives, and financial regulatory and monitoring systems† whilst fighting corruption which hinders the right of knowledge of the society. Last but not least it has to be mentioned that the large movement toward transparency dates back only in 1990s when international organizations such the UN,IMF ( International Monetary Fund) and the World Bank wanted to see democratic practices and stable political Leadership in various Member States. TIMELINE OF IMPORTANT INCIDENTS Events related to equality 1787: United States constitution was the first to include equality before God and Law as the Founding fathers realised that this was a way to promote democracy in the newly founded State. However, this was a premature statement because it lacked basic forms of equality such as racial and gender one and it would take many years to develop as a constitutional idea. 1789: This year the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was signed. Its first article reads â€Å"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights† .This declaration was the foundation of the brief French Republic. Neither the French nor the American revolutions and their philosophical foundations however led to full gender or political equality. It would take many years of revolutions, feminist and anti-discrimination movements as well as wars until equality became a basic concept of legislation. 1948: The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Universal declaration of Human Rights. Its first article reads â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights†. This phrase is not just important because it stated that any form of discrimination towards an individual is outlaw. It also promoted democracy as most constitutions today include it as their first clause. Many Member States of the UN have signed acts or treaties so as to end inequality. One example is the United Kingdom which in 2010 implemented Equality Act 2010 that aimed at reducing socio-economic inequalities, reforming and harmonising equality law and eradicating differences in pay between male and female employees. Events related to transparency Some extent of transparency existed in the Athenian democracy where there was a system of civilian oversight of public funds and the wealth and incomes of all public figures (including generals), so that they did not benefit from their public positions. In the 18th and 19th centuries with a rise in representative government accountability and transparency became much broader in scope. The U.S. Constitution required the legislative and executive branches to publish laws, regulations, and proceedings. Most western countries though began to adopt domestic legislation for accountability and transparency in the 1950s.In addition to that the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has adopted standards and proposes model legislation to govern institutions, such as corporations, nonprofit organizations, and trade unions. The United Kingdom has also enacted comprehensive freedom of information legislation for the public sector. In 1996, the IMF stressed the importance of promoting good governance in all its aspects, including by ensuring the rule of law, improving the efficiency and accountability of the public sector, and tackling corruption, as essential elements of a framework within which economies can prosper. Finally, in 2003 the United Nations adopted the United Nations Convention against corruption (UNCAC) which proposed mechanisms to combat corruption. MAJOR PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE ISSUE Organisations and agencies United Nations: Through the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF), the Department of Political Affairs (DPA) and the Office of the High Commissioner for the Human Rights (OHCHR), promote human rights, the rule of law, and women’s participation in political life to ensure the access to information by strengthening legislation and media capacities. In particular, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has adopted the resolution A/RES/55/96 which promotes and consolidates democracy. Moreover in 2007 the UN adopted resolution A/RES/61/245 making the organization more transparent. Countries This issue is general and therefore affects all countries both those which need a political transition to democracy and those which are in need of democratic reforms. Countries with non democratic systems: In this category belong states with authoritarian regimes, monarchic, communistic or theocratic ones. In order to exemplify, some of these countries are DPR Korea, the Syrian Arab Republic, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ,the Peoples’ Republic of China ,Kazakhstan and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Because of their political system freedom of expression and participation in democratic procedures do not exist. There is no transparency or equality, even legal or gender one which have been deemed fundamental nowadays. United Nations statistics show that in these Member States high levels of corruption especially among high officials and poverty problems have not been eradicated. Democratic Nations: The majority of the modern states fall into this category. However, there is always the prospect of reforms so as to ensure that all governmental actions are transparent and the human rights in terms of equality are not violated. This is because many cases of suspicious illegal governmental actions have been reported among with human rights abuse ones. States have to realize that so as for them to savour the benefits of good governance, fundamental human rights must be respected. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS All delegates are highly encouraged to find their own solutions to this issue after taking into consideration their countries policies. This study guide is purely to help them gain an insight into this political topic but some realistic and possible solutions would be that all Member States ,despite their different views about politics, engage in negotiations for better equality of their citizens and also agree on the establishment of an independent UN agency under the Secretary General whose main responsibility will be to promote transparency by encouraging and consulting governments to publish their decisions on line and in newspapers as well as combat corruption and bribery because both actions undermine good governance. Also, each Member State can open a national-level dialogue with individuals in order to increase participation of all national groups to governance and become more transparent. Finally, Non-Governmental organizations such as Transparency International and Human Ri ghts Watch can assist the Member States’ work by organizing educational campaigns and reporting any case of corruption, lack of accountability and inequality to the United Nations and its relevant agencies. BIBLIOGRAPHY AFRICAN CHARTER ON DEMOCRACY, ELECTIONS AND GOVERNANCE 28 Dec. 2013 http://www.achpr.org/instruments/charter-democracy/ Democracy Web 28 Dec.2013 http://www.democracyweb.org/accountability/history.php UN adopted resolution A/RES/61/245 28 Dec. 2013 http://www.un.org/ga/president/62/issues/resolutions/a-res-61-245.pdf United Nations cyberschoolbus 28 Dec. 2013 https://cyberschoolbus.un.org/briefing/governance/gvprogress.htm United Nations global issues /governance 28 Dec. 2013 http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/governance/ United Nations global issues/ democracy 28 Dec. 2013 http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/democracy/index.shtml Wikipedia / Equality Act 2010 28 Dec.2013 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Act_2010 Multimedia resources http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoQFKv7SFzA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ao0qAoApT1M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BV6epYm5h18

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Americans without Health Insurance Essay -- Medical Insuance Health

The Uninsured States of America Nearly 48 million Americans had no health care coverage in 2005, and the number will continue to grow if this country does not enact new policies to defuse this crisis (Families USA 2). Families USA, a nonprofit and nonpartisan organization that advocates for public health contracted with Dr. Kenneth Thorpe, Professor and Chair of the Department of Health Policy and Management at Emory University, to analyze data from the U.S. Census Bureau and other national databases to study the fiscal impact on this country of so many uninsured people. This study, released in June 2005, found that the overwhelming majority of uninsured people are workers in low-wage jobs (Families 10). With the advent of national welfare reform in 1996, millions of people entered the low-wage workforce and lost their Medicaid eligibility. According to Judith Feder, Dean of Policy Studies at Georgetown University, â€Å"Since most people leaving welfare find themselves in low-paying jobs without coverage, loss of public coverage leaves them without health coverage altogether† (Feder 29). Moreover, many corporations, pressured by global competition to hold down labor costs, are increasingly asking their employees to share a greater portion of the escalating cost of health insurance premiums, if employers offer benefits at all. In fact, a study by the Commonwealth Fund reports that more than one-quarter of workers in companies with over 500 employees do not receive employer-based coverage, and that one in every three full-time workers with incomes below $35,000 is uninsured (Commonwealth 1). Low-wage workers are therefore caught in an untenable situation. They do not qualify for Medicaid and cannot afford to buy hea... ..."The State of Health Care." The Heritage Foundation. 21 January 2004. The Heritage Foundation. 13 Mar. 2006 . "Paying a Premium." Families USA. 1 June 2005. Families USA. 20 Mar. 2006 Rowland, Diane. Committe on Ways and Means. 9 March 2004. House Committee on Ways and Means. 13 Mar. 2006 . "The Uninsured: A Primer." Kaiser Family Foundation. 1 January 2006. Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. 20 Mar. 2006 . Wilson, Katherine. "Snapshot: Health Care Costs 101, 2005 Edition." CHCF. June 2005. California Health Care Foundation. 13 Mar. 2006 .

Romantic Love in William Shakespeares As You Like it and Twelfth Night

Romantic Love in William Shakespeare's As You Like it and Twelfth Night The fickleness of romantic love is a major theme in William Shakespeare’s comedies As You Like It and Twelfth Night, or What You Will. Shakespeare’s implicit social commentary takes the fundamentally masculine perspective of romantic relationships, which argues that a clear-cut dichotomy exists between love and physical attraction. According to evolutionary psychological theory, females often tend to automatically associate the emotion of love with physicality and the physical act of sex because an emotional bond with a mate is necessary in order to establish a secure family unit. Males, conversely, intellectually separate love from sexual desire because the essential masculine drive is to father as many offspring as possible, and to have strong emotional bonds with numerous mates is impracticable (Kenyon). By presenting women disguised as men who become the subject of other women’s â€Å"love† at first sight, Shakespeare argues that the feminine notion of a correlation between emotion and attraction is a fallacy worthy of comedic contempt. Amiens’s song from As You Like It sums up this argument. He sings, â€Å"Most friendship is feigning, most loving, mere folly† (As You Like It, II.vii.182). This is an ironic piece of verse, because it is sung in the forest by one of the attending lords of the banished duke. The reader could interpret the duke and his entourage as being symbolic of Robin Hood and his merry men (Moncrief), yet one would find it difficult to imagine Little John telling Robin Hood that his own friendship to Robin was feigning. Love at first sight is treated contemptuously in both As You Like It and Twelfth Night. In th... ...at they were physically attracted to Ganymede and Cesario, respectively. They were mistaken, however, when they attributed their attraction to the emotion of love. Love, in Shakespeare’s artistic portrayal of it, is a deceptive, ethereal phenomenon; false, fleeting, and unreliable. Works Cited Kenyon, Paul. â€Å"Evolutionary Psychology.† SALMON (Study and Learning Materials On-line). 4 Apr. 2000. Univ. of Plymouth Dept. of Psychology. 1 Nov. 2005. . Path: PSY364 Evolutionary Psychology support materials; Evolutionary Psychology. Moncrief, Kathryn M. Lectures on As You Like It. Oct. 2005. Washington College, William Smith Hall, Room 322. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. Eds. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991. ---. Twelfth Night, or What You Will. Eds. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Cognitive Development in Infants Essay -- Child Development

This paper is going to carry out a literature review on cognitive development in infants. The paper will review cognitive development in infants at different stages. Effects of early experience on mental development in infants will also be discussed. The research question and the hypothesis of the research will also be given. Keywords: infants, development, experience Cognitive Development in Infants Introduction Advancement made in regard to cognitive neuroscience has enabled a better understanding of the cognitive processes in infants. Studies have indicated that cognitive development in infants starts before they are born. In the eighth week of pregnancy, fetuses have the ability to hear. They become accustomed to their mothers’ voice and voices of close family members, fetuses also have the ability of listening to music. After they are born, millions of neurons interconnect in their brain, which enable them to think and learn. Scientists have established that experiences of infants in terms of touch, sight and perception in the first years of their existence, has the potential of affecting their brain development in the later years (Goswami, 1993, p. 157). This literature review is going to examine cognitive development in infants and how early experiences affects cognitive development. Cognitive Development in Infants Cognitive development is a term used to refer to the process through which infants or children develop language, thinks, gain knowledge, and solve problems. For example, when infants identify colors or differentiate things, they are performing cognitive tasks. Infants normally learn through interactions with objects and people, in addition to their senses. When infants interact with their world and ... ...ackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Goswami, U. (1993). Cognitive development: the learning brain. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press. Galton Institute. (2001). Perceptual cognitive development. Los Angeles, CA: Galton Institute. Gauvain, M. (2006). The social context of cognitive development. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Nelson, K. (2001). Language in cognitive development: emergence of the mediated mind. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press. Oakley, L. (2004). Cognitive Development. New York, NY: Routledge. Ruffin, N. J. (2009). Understanding Growth and Development Patterns of Infants. Virginia Cooperative Extension. Retrieved April, 17, 2012 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/350/350-053/350-053.html Wachs, T. D., & Gruen, G. E. (2006). Early experience and human development. New York, NY: Plenum Pr.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Teen pregnancy and sex education

Adolescent birth rates have gone up and down over the past 60 old ages ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy ) . Adolescent gestation is defined as an minor teenage miss going pregnant. The term in mundane address normally means that a adult females who has non reached legal maturity who has become pregnant. Most females in America seem to believe that holding a kid is cool or they want something to name their ain. Teaching adolescents about safe sex and the jobs associated with gestation can travel a long manner in assisting adolescent birth rates to go on to drop. Adolescents who have babes are more likely to non complete high school and have their hereafter programs messed up. Unfortunately the United States still has the highest rate of teenage gestations when compared to other states of similar position ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.preganatteenhelp.org/articles8.html ) . Babies born to teenage mas have a more likely opportunity of holding a low birth weight and this can take to all kinds of medical jobs later in life. This goes back to instruction about sex and gestation bar in schools and places. One of the biggest issues that needs to be addressed in the battle between abstention merely and sexual instruction is adolescent gestation. Pregnant adolescents face many of the same jobs as adult females in their 20s and 30s. The babes born to these adolescent female parents are most likely to hold lower instruction and populate in higher rates of poorness, and or other poorer â€Å" life results. â€Å" ( Teenage Pregnancy – Wi kipedia ) . For female parents between 15 and 19 old ages, age in itself is non a hazard factor, but extra hazard may be associated with socioeconomic factors. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy ) . There are many groups or oranganizations that help salvage or at least attempt to salvage the many kids that are born to these immature teenage mas. The adolescent birth rate in the United States is the highest in the developed universe, and the adolescent abortion rate is besides high. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy ) . Harmonizing to information available from the Guttmacher Institue, sex by age 20 is the normal age across the universe, and states with low degrees of adolescent gestation accept sexual relationships among adolescents and supply comprehensive and balanced information about gender. Womans exposed to mistreat, domestic force, and household discord childhood are more likely to go pregnant as ado lescents, and the hazard of going pregnant as a adolescent increases with the figure of inauspicious childhood experiences ( Teenage gestation – Wikipedia ) . The Adolescent gestation scheme has had mixed success. Although teenage gestations have fallen overall, they have non fall systematically in every part, and in some countries they have increased. There are inquiries about weather the 2010 mark of a 50 % decrease on 1998 degrees can be met ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wiki/Teenage_pregnancy ) . But to run into these rates or statistics most adolescents should concentrate on the importance of abstention. Most subjects of this topic merely point out the chief thought and concentrate on one thing but you have to maintain discoursing the importance of the topic, because if non so the readers want believe much about it and non take it earnestly. Supports of abstinence-only motion frequently favor excepting information about safe sex, which they believe encourages pupil s to go sexually active ( Immell, Teen Pregnancy pg.9 ) . Research workers, nevertheless indicate that as of yet there is no definite cogent evidence that abstinence-only plans impede accelerate, or cut down sexual activity ( Immell, Teen Pregnancy pg.10 ) . In the United States the subject of sex instruction is the topic of much combative argument. Some schools provide these â€Å" abstinence-only † instruction and virginity pledges are progressively popular. A squad of research workers and pedagogues in California have published a list of â€Å" best patterns † in the bar of adolescent gestation, which includes, in add-on to the antecedently mentioned constructs, working to â€Å" transfuse a belief in a successful hereafter, † male engagement in the bar procedure, and planing intercessions that are culturally relevant ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy ) . Young maternity in an industrialised state can impact employment a nd societal category. Less than one tierce of teenage female parents receive any signifier of child support, immensely increasing the likeliness of turning to the authorities for aid. Teenage maternity may really do economic sense for poorer immature adult females, some research workers suggest ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeenage_pregnancy ) . Most adolescent misss think that holding a babe is all right every bit long as they are taken attention of and populating in the right environment, but small do they cognize the after math or the impact of birth of the kid. Early maternity can impact the psychosocial development of the baby. One survey suggested that stripling female parents are less likely to excite their baby through fond behaviours such as touch, smiling, and verbal communicating, or to be sensitive and accepting toward his or her demands ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy ) . As many of us know being a adole scent female parent is non easy and does non look like it will be any clip shortly but we have to maintain informing our teens on the of import of abstention. The inquiry still remains will the rates of teenage gestations continue to lift or will it easy fall? The merely reply to this inquiry is to maintain back uping your close schools and go on to inform your kids about abstention merely and the hazards of holding a kid.Work Citedworth, richard. Single parnet households. New York: Miami trumpeter publication company, 1992. Print.immell, myra h. San Diego: greenhaven imperativeness, 2001. Print

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Labour Welfare Reforms

How favored were the Reforms of the abide fight mash political sympathies 1945-51 in Solving the Social paradox that Faced Britain? By Nicole Anderson In whitethorn 1945, the coalition organization that had steered Britain done the perilous days of the Second World War was finished. It was re hind endd by the undertaking p pretentious who had the con testing task of rebuilding the agricultural aft(prenominal)ward the losses of the Second World War. The fag out brass of 1945 made the first drastic steps towards the welfare consider. William Beveridge had been commissioned to issue a report on the causes of penury and this became the basis for the apprehend reforms.These reforms identified that in that location were five giants of want (Squalor, loss, Disease, Ignorance, and faineance), any of which would comport to be defeated in give to eradicate poverty. The attempts to tackle these giants varied keenly in their levels of victory and achievements of th e aims to defeat poverty. rightly wing historiographer Barnett criticised the fatigue government reforms saying that expenditure should deport been focused on the economy, peculiarly aft(prenominal) Britains involvement and loss in WW2.Whereas, modern historian Martin Pugh defends these reforms arguing that the cat down was worthwhile as the reforms dramatic onlyy decrease poverty and had a positive subject on the economy then stressing their importance. Therefore, I believe that it quarter be get byd that the reforms of the Post War tote government were no-hit in slightening the cordial problems that preparedness ab egress Britain through the tire slight efforts of passing prospering and adequate reforms.One of the five identified giants was Want which this instant related to the poverty that was universe experienced by Britain. Before, Britain failed to possess any(prenominal) sort of formatic security carcass and the few benefits that existed already we re very selective and often means tested. However, in 1946 the guinea pig Insurance (Industrial Injuries) motion was passed which provided compensation for injuries at work. This was a victorful receipts for affable conditions in Britain as it was the first clip women got paid the akin rate as men.This was masteryful as it closed the suspension in the midst of gender inequalities and excessively meant that women would overly be able to pull themselves and their family out of poverty. In addition, the field of study Insurance telephone number of 1946 was likewise passed which was supremacyful as it accomplished the slogan of the Labour party from provenience to grave. It was one of its succeederes as it provided for in all and all adults were involved which pile be fence ind again in strengthening the im sequence of e lineament among everyone.It cover all stages of support that before were described as a struggle and included maternity, sickness, unemploymen t benefits, a privacy pension and a death grant. This was a prospering nonion as at one sequence everyone was given the opportunity to receive a doing extend to and in that respectfore, it made it easier for families to rook themselves out of poverty and create a conk out standard of living for themselves. Similarly, the National Assistance deport 1948 was achievementful in trim the levels of poverty as it acted as a safety net to endure the exacts of those non covered by National Insurance.This again highlights Labours mastery in the field of reducing poverty as it back up and tumesce-kept the feeling of financial stability for the great deal of Britain, particularly of the disordereder splites thitherfore boosting the victory of the Labour reforms. However, on the rough other hand it washbasin as well be argued that its achievement is very hold in as in theory National Assistance was sibylline to only act as a backup with most plurality creation covered by National Insurance. However, this was not exactly the encase and many were compel to apply for National Assistance which contain its triumph.In addition to this limitation, by the early 1950s, 68% of all National Assistance went to remediater pensions. However, since National Assistance was unperturbed means tested many old people were reluctant to apply for it This limitation was ascribable to the fact that they remembered the dreaded means test of the mid-thirties and it rotter be argued to limits its achiever as it meant this proportion of the universes remained unprotected and at a higher(prenominal) risk of poverty. Although, the arctic argument that it was boffo essentially, should not be last-ditchly forgotten.In dismiss be argued that these reforms were an improvement to the old social security system of rules even though it give the sack similarly be this new-made system could be expanded. another(prenominal) argument that illust rank its blat ant victor is that the palpable value of pensions change magnitude dramatically since the 1930s meaning that the elderly population benefited from it enormously. In addition, historians such(prenominal)(prenominal) as cast Thane argue that the social security system was of real advantage to women and lower classes this was particularly happy as it showed how beneficial it was in their struggle to lift themselves out of poverty.Historian Thane whole backs up this view patch by stating the social security system was a real advantage especially of many woman and also those of the lower middle class on that signalfore showing how the success of it bear on all ends of the social spectrum. However, the most strategic piece of evidence to suggest its ultimate success is that Rowntree did a back up go over of poverty in 1950 and found that poverty in York was down to 2%, compared to 36% in 1936. Therefore, this signifi discountt decrease is undecomposable evidence that shows the dramatic opposition of the Labour reforms related directly to Want.Thus, it proves that in this sense these reforms were very successful. Disease was the second giant that was tackled and again, was arguably a average success and even argued to be the sterling(prenominal) achievement of the welfare state. Beforehand, only less than half the population were covered by existing health insurance set by the Liberals in 1911. Those who were not covered still had to pay for a rectify at a great expense. In addition, hospitals still relied on voluntary efforts and on that pointfore suffered as a result these reforms were successful as they alone revolutionised this old system.The NHS exertion was passed in 1946 but came into practise by 1948. It offered a full range of help s freighterty word from GPs, specialists, let off hospital treatments, free eye and dental treatments, spectacles and hearing facilities this would create greatly emergenced the cosmopolitan health of the nation which boosts its success as a reform. However, on the other hand it is historic to remember that this health care reform was of an enormous expense, to the point that National Insurance funds did not cover it.This at that placefore meant that they had to backtrack on free for all and even had to place charges on prescriptions, spectacles and dental treatment which acts as its biggest limitation as it fairly contradicts its original intention. However, even though this was the case cardinals of people continued to be handle and their health improved nonetheless which illustrates its success Right wing historians argue that the NHS was as well as generous in allowing to get free dentures and prescriptions, that there were besides wasteful of resources.Further more(prenominal) than, there still carcass great historic debate that it obtainmed overgenerous for a country so recently battered economically by the cosmea war. Critics similarly argue that the Labour government should have intemperate on the rebuilding of shattered industries than reforming the health care system so radically Cornelli Bernett argues that the NHS was too expensive, and the government should have got the economy on track first. However, left wing historians argue very practically in favour of it stating t was a radicalisation that was necessary to improve the health of Britain and that it is the governments righteousness to look after the health of its population. Also, it is grievous to remember that those who were treated would be able to return to work and by doing this, contribute to the examine oneselfing economy in the long term the economy would put itself back on track by a healthy workforce. This reform can also be utter to be a success as it provided a universal health service without any insurance qualifications of any sort, this shows its success as anyone could qualify for it, meaning anyone could be helped.However, the biggest part that d emonstrate its success is that the queues of people who take oned highlights the conclusion of the untreated problems 8. 5million dental patients were treated in the first year and 5 million spectacles were issued. However, this can also be interpreted as people fair being inquisitive or spirit to get something for free though it seems much more pragmatic and concrete that it is but illustrating the scale of the problem.another(prenominal) argument that shows its success is that it was free, so those who normally would fail to afford it had a run across to finally be treated, recover from their illness and pursue a travel earning a living, lifting them out of poverty and change to the economy.. Its success is based on the absolute amount accomplished from its start and therefore, it can be argued that again reforms in this field were of great success. The third giant tackled was Ignorance and focussed on the procreation of kidskinren in Britain. It can be argued that it was not the most successful factor although it cannot be denied that it did have some effect.The problems go about before these reforms were in learn of fixing culture was disrupted by the evacuation during the War, as well as the training of t all(prenominal)ers. In addition there was a shortage of schools most were in a poor condition which meant the quality of discipline was directly affected. The pedagogy Act 1944 elevated the school going age to 15 which can be argued to be successful as it expanded its accessibility. A three level study of technical, grammar and auxiliary modern schools were created which can also be argued to be reasonably successful as it catered for the specific needs and learning styles of Britains students.The 11 plus exam was created for this declare oneself which decided what type of school the churl would attend. Its success can be primed(p) as those who passed this exam, the system worked well for. It can be argued that this reform was successful as it offered working class children a chance to ultimately go to a fair school and receive an education that would carry to a University degree and a break out quality of life. However, the opposite argument suggests that these reforms were limited in success, especially those who failed this exam.Its lack of doctrine is measured in the fact these children were evaluate to leave school by 15, go into low skilled work and thousands of children were fundamentally trapped in a humanness of low paid work and modest education they were expected to fail. It was argued that it was unsuccessful as it was unfair to determine a childs future at such a young age and ultimately, was not fair. The argument is that there was no compare of opportunity and 75% of pupils were classed as non-academic, completely diminishing the chances of going on to higher education.However, the failures of this reform were not its only aspects it did have some positive effect on the education s ystem. One of its most important successes is that it raised the leaving age to 15 meaning that education was prolonged for thousands, education was begun to be seen as a right. It also meant that more of an opportunity was given those from a poorer background to access education this demonstrates its comely success. In addition, another great success worthy of noting is that emergency training schemes for 35,000 teachers were established.This is an important success as it slackly raised the quality of education for pupils, improving their chances of better qualifications and extending their knowledge a great success for their later lives. Another success is that free school milk was introduced which was beneficial as it provided nutrition for pupils also. Although this reform had unambiguous flaws it was authorized as a success due(p) to the natural cause of post war problems it was accepted that it would take a multiplication to solve these problems.However, it whitethorn a lso be suggested that Labour cannot actually take doctrine for any of this success as the 1944 Education Act was R. A. Butlers Act who was a Conservative. It can be argued there is a fine line between how successful the Labour Government was in subscribe toing these improvements to education when originally, it was not theirs to bring. However, the absolute majority of their input was through implementing these successful changes so credit towards them therefore cannot be overlooked. Overall, it can be argued that this reform was of limited success, especially considering the fact that Labour is a arty that stands for equality yet the whole new system of education was wholly divisive. However, it was not to the point where it can be classed as unsuccessful it set the foundations for a fairer education system and was as successful as it could be considering the state of Britain after the war. The tail giant was Squalor and focussed on the issue of lodgment and could also be arg ued to be a great success. 1945 adage overcrowding as a huge study dilemma, with approximately 750,000 houses destroyed during the War. There was also a desperate lack of workers and timber.There was also a significant population increase by 1 million so more houses were an absolute need. The governments priority became to house the homeless and did so by building prefabs or grind made houses, as well as building untroubled quality council houses with low rents established through the Rent Controls Act. This was successful as it meant that everyone was entitled to a great opportunity to own a good quality home for them and their family, and owning this was economically accomplishable through the low rent that was attached.However, critics whitethorn argue that houses were make on too high a specification and heavy on quality rather than quantity. However, this sales booth can be argued to be classed as over critical as in the long term these houses were of high quality and lasted longer which generally, is of better value for the government. Another limitation that could be considered is that possibly more houses could have been strengthened if more responsibleness had been given to the secret sector.However true this claim may be, it cannot be denied that many houses were in fact built without the help of the private sector between 1945 51, Labour built 1 million houses which helped greatly in dealing with the lodgment crisis, again a major success. It is obvious that the Labour government were successful in focussing on building homes for the working class as 4 out of 5 homes built were council houses, therefore it contradicts the arguments that more houses should have been built as in itself this is a great achievement to accomplish housing on this scale.However, on the other hand there was still a thoughtful housing shortage in 1951 as well as long waiting lists for council houses. In addition, the 1951 census revealed that there were stil l 750,000 few houses than there were households in Britain. This was roughly the same level of homelessness as in 1951, clear there was still room for improvement. Futhermore, historian Timmons argues that traditionally, housing has been branded the welfare state failure of Bevan and the 1945 Labour Government.Despite this, overall it becomes obvious to see that the new council estates still vastly improved the state of move tenements and that millions of people were affected positively, even though these houses were still in a considerate demand many families housing conditions were improved. Although the track record was not overwhelming it can be argued that Labour came close to its goal of 1945 in terms of the objectives of housing quality and low-cost working class homes Therefore, it can be come togetherd that reforms on housing can be deemed as successful as it paved the way for better housing reforms in the future.The last giant tackled was Idleness that promised jobs f or all. There was a desperate need to avoid an economic slump after the war and the fear of unemployment levels returning to those of the 1930s pushed the government to take work. This was done by encouraging full employment and was generally done so by overcareful planning. Local authority spending was encouraged in helping people to find jobs and the government also had success in controlling inflation with price controls and proceed rationing.This was all seen as successful as it helped thousands of families earn themselves an adequate living through receiving employment that was capable of lifting them out of poverty. Another argument that illustrates its success is that many historians such as Brooke claim that This was Labours single most important municipal achievement which shows just how highly he regards its success. In addition, this reform was successful at dramatically reducing unemployment.Bevan has previously said it was not possible to come down unemployment be low 3% yet this was achieved by Labour in 1946, which can be argued that this directly correlates to the success of this Labour reform. Another point that demonstrates its success is that Britains growth rates were better than Americas as a result, however it can be also argued that this was only because of the war there was a huge increase in the demand for British goods so Labour cannot take credit. There still remains an argument that whichever government was in fountain there would have been full employment, that it was a factor outwith government control.It can be argued that this is mainly due to the fact that world demand meaning that Britain could sell its exports. This was also accelerated by the fact that all countries needed to restock due to the injury of the war, therefore suggesting that the government did not have to create jobs itself. On the other hand, so much improvement in unemployment was achieved during this time that it seems only natural to credit Labours w ork as it was their action that ultimately was fulfilled.This was made even more impressive by a modality of crisis and diminished resources, a true success for the Labour government. Furthermore, economic historians tend to conclude that it was difficult to see how Labours performance could be improved upon. Thus, it can be concluded that Labours efforts to provide jobs for all was very successful. Overall, it seems obvious to conclude that the Labour eudaemonia reforms all had some sort of positive impact on Britain during 1945 51.However, it is important to consider that each reform varied in success and ultimately, some were more successful than others. The reforms dealing with poverty dramatically decreased the metrical composition of those living in poverty and helped families to claim benefits that were desperately needed and thus may be deemed as a success if you consider the sheer amount of families that were helped. The NHS helped reduce the numbers of those who were si ck yet at a great expense and so can be argued as less successful but still a great achievement for the Welfare state.It can also be argued that reforms tackling Ignorance were not as successful either with the controversial eleven-plus exam yet the quality of education was still improved and the school leaving age was raised so it would be unfair to argue that it did not bring in some positive elements to the education system. Similarly, the issue of housing was addressed rather successfully with the problem of homelessness being tackled by the mass expansion of council housing estates. The success of reducing unemployment was noticeable also with the final figures of unemployment Britain had ever experienced.Therefore, it can be seen that the Labour Welfare reforms were mostly of great success with the exception of the need of a fairer education system. However, it can be clear to see that all the successes that each reform brought in spades affected millions of the British publ ic in terms of improving health, housing, education, employment and general standard of living. Overall, despite all the problems that Britain faced after the war, Labour completed the Welfare State and successfully managed full employment, thus proving that their reforms were of great success in work Britains social problems between 1945 51.